
Atzompa
A monumental complex close to Monte Albán that testifies to the expansion of this culture at its height. The nobility lived here, as can be inferred from the numerous palaces, living complexes, squares and a burial complex.
The monumental complex of Atzompa lies in the municipality of Santa María Atzompa, Oaxaca, between corner points 16 and 31 of the protected area boundaries for the Monte Albán archeological zone. Atzompa’s name comes from the Nahuatl words atl (“water”), tzontli (“head”) and pan (“place”), which means “at the water’s head,” a name assigned by the Mexica culture during its expansion into the Valley of Oaxaca in the Postclassic period. Atzompa is a Zapotec settlement which belongs to the pre-Hispanic city of Monte Albán. It was settled in period IIIB-IV (650-850).
The high-status palatial units within the monumental complex are noteworthy, as are its three Mesoamerican ballgame courts. Ballcourt I, the largest in the pre-Hispanic city of Monte Albán, is the most outstanding of these. Moreover, the site has a privileged view of the Valley of Etla from its northern side. It is also important to mention the quality of workmanship of its ceramic objects, such as effigy vessels, funerary urns and apaxtles (large clay pots).
The archeological project for the Atzompa monumental complex began in earnest in 2007, when the first works of excavation, consolidation, restoration and material analysis were performed. Thanks to this project, the site was opened in September 2012. Archeologically speaking, it is now one of the most important areas in the central valleys of the state of Oaxaca.
- ResponsableErnesto González Licónernesto_gonzalezl@inah.gob.mx+52 (951) 516 7077Difusión CulturalYuridia Inelva Ríos Gómezyuridia_rios@inah.gob.mx+52 (951) 516 7077
Plaza A
It is located in the highest part of Atzompa. Its central patio has a square floor plan (it measures more than 50 m per side) and is artificially leveled. The buildings that delimit it (1, 2, 3 and 4) are oriented towards the four cardinal points.
It is located in the highest part of Atzompa. Its central patio has a square floor plan (it measures more than 50 m per side) and is artificially leveled. The buildings that delimit it (1, 2, 3 and 4) are oriented towards the four cardinal points. In the central part is the shrine, a ritual-ceremonial construction similar to those discovered in the main plaza and the sunken courtyard of Monte Albán. This shrine, also of square plan, has 13 m per side and 1 m high, in the middle it is possible to observe a substructure in the form of a cross, probably an unfinished tomb.
Building 1: It is located to the north of Plaza A and consists of a great platform with an east-west length of 90 m and south-north of 60 m approximately; its height is 11 m with respect to the level of the plaza. On this base an L-shaped structure is deployed, at the top of which a temple in the center and different elevations of other architectural structures are identified.
Building 2: Platform of rectangular plan located to the east, 30 m long and 6 m wide approximately, which may have been the direct access to the Plaza. It has stairways on the east and west facades, and at the top there is a large platform on which no architectural element was found, only the remains of caisson walls.
Building 3: Located to the south of the plaza, the ground plan of this building has an inverted T-shape and measures 30 m long by 10 m wide. The stairways, about 3 m high, are located on the north side. In the elevated part there are remains of a possible temple.
Building 4: It closes the west end of the square, it has a quadrangular plan and is 6 m high. The stairways are located on the east side and two construction stages can be observed.
Plaza B
Building 6 or Funerary Building stands out, since here a tomb with three funerary chambers was found, one of them with mural painting. This space is closed to the public for conservation reasons.
Building 6 or Funerary Building stands out, since here a tomb with three funerary chambers was found, one of them with mural painting. This space is closed to the public for conservation reasons.
Building 6 (Funerary Building): it has a quadrangular shape, it measures more than 20 m per side and its average height is 6 m. A small temple with a stucco floor was erected on the top, of which only the stone walls, a sidewalk and traces of columns remain. Inside is a set of three funerary chambers developed vertically and communicated by a huge staircase of nine steps. Its architecture is rich and varied because it presents systems of vaulted and flat roofs, jambs and lintels; in one of the chambers there is an exquisite mural painting, where the geometric forms stand out -probably allegories of the ball game- and the red color, related to the underworld.
Building 7: It is located to the east of the plaza, although for the moment it has not been excavated, so it can only be seen as a mound.
Building 8: It is a rectangular platform with a double façade that delimits Plazas B and C, so it is thought that it had the function of restricting access from one place to another. On each side it has long stairways with wide alfardas. In the upper part of the ends there are foundations of walls and stuccoed floors, which perhaps belonged to small temples facing each other.
House of the Altars: It is a residence of high status, like the House of the East. It probably housed high-ranking families. The House of the Altars consists of a sunken courtyard with a square floor plan, surrounded by a sidewalk, 18 rooms and three corridors accessed by four stairways located on each side; the main access is lateral. The construction was made with cut stone and adobe, a mixture of lime and sand, stucco and applications of red color of mineral origin.
Plaza C
It is an open plaza that adjoins Plaza B and faces the southern part of the great capital, Monte Albán.
It is an open plaza that adjoins Plaza B and faces the southern part of the great capital, Monte Albán.
Kiln area: The discovery of a kiln made of adobe and stone for firing pottery, and next to it a variety of large pots, shows one of the exclusive activities of the inhabitants of this residence. The kiln, whose firing grates are intact, is identical in shape and size to those used to this day in Atzompa, which allows us to document the historical continuity of ceramic production, as it seems to have been a long family tradition that began in pre-Hispanic times. A recreation is presented, since the original finding is 2.5 m deep.
East and West Residences: They are considered the service area of the House of Altars, since in addition to being located next to it, evidence of intense domestic activity was found; the architecture and finishes are of lower quality than those of the Great Residence. These are square spaces around a small central courtyard. The amount of ash and charcoal found indicates that these places were used for food preparation, probably for the main house.
Las Canteras: The Oaxaca Valley region has large concentrations of sedimentary deposits beneath the surface. This situation was taken advantage of by the builders to exploit the outcrops of bedrock, that is, from the hill itself. The rock that was extracted was used as raw material to build the cores or internal parts of the buildings, thus giving them greater support.
Unlike other ancient cities, Monte Albán and Atzompa had rocky outcrops nearby, so they were able to expedite the extraction and transfer of the stone to the place where it would be used, thus reducing construction time and human effort invested. All the work involved in the extraction, carving and transfer of the stone was the reason for a special organization in guilds controlled by the Zapotec state.
Casa de Oriente
It has a sunken quadrangular patio, surrounded by four platforms with slopes (inclined walls) and boards (vertical walls) of great quality, on which the rooms were placed. The walls of these were made of adobe and cut stone blocks, covered with a layer of thick stucco.
It has a sunken quadrangular patio, surrounded by four platforms with slopes (inclined walls) and boards (vertical walls) of great quality, on which the rooms were placed. The walls of these were made of adobe and cut stone blocks, covered with a layer of thick stucco. Each of the sides of this platform presents a delicate and masterful cornice (part that protrudes from the building at the upper point) of stone. In this residence was found what seems to be a temazcal, that is, a small construction that served as a steam bath.
Edificio 16
It is located to the north of the Casa de Oriente. It has an inverted T-shaped floor plan with stairways on the south side limited by alfardas. In the upper part there are remains of a possible temple.
It is located to the north of the Casa de Oriente. It has an inverted T-shaped floor plan with stairways on the south side limited by alfardas. In the upper part there are remains of a possible temple.
Juego de Pelota
The pre-Hispanic ball game was one of the most significant elements in the urban structure of Mesoamerican peoples. Directly related to political and religious power, it was played with a rubber ball that was hit with different parts of the body, except the hands.
The pre-Hispanic ball game was one of the most significant elements in the urban structure of Mesoamerican peoples. Directly related to political and religious power, it was played with a rubber ball that was hit with different parts of the body, except the hands.
Of the six courts documented in the Monte Albán polygon -which includes the three hills of Atzompa, Monte Albán and El Gallo-, the Atzompa court is the largest; it is almost 45 m long by 22 m wide, its orientation is north-south and from an aerial perspective it has the characteristic shape of a Latin I. It is located in the northeast and southeast corners of the site. In the northeast and southwest corners there are niches in which they possibly placed sculptures of the gods to whom they dedicated the contests. This ball game is an apparently public ritual space, given that the smaller courts of this site suggest a private use.
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